Identification of Specific IgE Antibodies and Asthma Control Interaction and Association Using Cluster Analysis in a Bulgarian Asthmatic Children Cohort

Abstract

(1) Background: Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease that likely comprises several distinct disease phenotypes, where the clustering approach has been used to classify the heterogeneous asthma population into distinct phenotypes; (2) Methods: For a period of 1 year, we evaluated medical history data of 71 children with asthma aged 3 to 17 years, performing pulmonary function tests, drew blood for IgE antibodies against inhalation and food allergies detection, and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ); (3) Results: Five distinct phenotypes were determined. Cluster 1 (n = 10): (non-atopic) the lowest IgE level, very low ACQ, and median age of diagnosis. Cluster 2 (n = 28): (mixed) the highest Body mass index (BMI) with the latest age of diagnosis and high ACQ and bronchodilator response (BDR) levels and median and IgE levels. Cluster 3 (n = 19) (atopic) early diagnosis, highest BDR, highest ACQ score, highest total, and high specific IgE levels among the clusters. Cluster 4 (n = 9): (atopic) the highest specific IgE result, relatively high BMI, and IgE with median ACQ score among clusters. Cluster 5 (n = 5): (non-atopic) the earliest age for diagnosis, with the lowest BMI, the lowest ACQ score, and specific IgE levels, with high BDR and the median level of IgE among clusters; (4) Conclusions: We identified asthma phenotypes in Bulgarian children according to IgE levels, ACQ score, BDR, and age of diagnosis.