Affiliation:
1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, USA
Abstract
There is a prevailing consensus that most Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) frameworks can accurately predict global variables under laminar flow conditions within the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) benchmark nozzle geometry. However, variations in derived variables, such as strain rate and vorticity, may arise due to differences in numerical solvers and gradient evaluation methods, which can subsequently impact predictions related to blood damage and non-Newtonian flow behavior. To examine this, flow symmetry indices, vortex characteristics, and blood damage—were assessed using Newtonian and four non-Newtonian viscosity models with CFD codes Ansys Fluent and OpenFOAM on identical meshes. At Reynolds number (Re) 500, symmetry breakdown and complex vortex shapes were predicted with some non-Newtonian models in both OpenFOAM and Ansys Fluent, whereas these phenomena were not observed with the Newtonian model. This contradicted the expectation that employing a non-Newtonian model would delay the onset of turbulence. Similarly, at Re 2000, symmetry breakdown occurred sooner (following the sudden expansion section) with the non-Newtonian models in both Ansys Fluent and OpenFOAM. Vortex identification based on the Q-criterion resulted in distinctly different vortex shapes in Ansys Fluent and OpenFOAM. Blood damage assessments showed greater prediction variations among the non-Newtonian models at lower Reynolds numbers.
Reference46 articles.
1. Bergersen, A.W., Mortensen, M., and Valen-Sendstad, K. (2019). The FDA nozzle benchmark: “In theory there is no difference between theory and practice but in practice there is”. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng., 35.
2. Laminar, turbulent, and transitional simulations in benchmark cases with cardiovascular device features;Bhushan;Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol.,2013
3. Chabannes, V., Prud’Homme, C., Szopos, M., and Tarabay, R. (2017). High-order finite element simulations for fluid dynamics validated by experimental data from the FDA benchmark nozzle model. arXiv.
4. Large eddy simulation of FDA’s idealized medical device;Delorme;Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol.,2013
5. Fehn, N., Wall, W.A., and Kronbichler, M. (2019). Modern discontinuous Galerkin methods for the simulation of transitional and turbulent flows in biomedical engineering: A comprehensive LES study of the FDA benchmark nozzle model. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng., 35.