Ceramic Fiber-Reinforced Polyimide Aerogel Composites with Improved Shape Stability against Shrinkage

Abstract

Polyimide (PI) aerogels, renowned for their nano-porous structure and exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications, often encounter significant challenges during fabrication, primarily due to severe shrinkage. In this study, we innovatively incorporated ceramic fibers of varying diameters into the PI aerogel matrix to enhance the shape stability against shrinkage. The structure of the resulting ceramic fiber-reinforced PI (CF-PI) aerogel composites as well as their performance in thermal decomposition, thermal insulation, and compression resistance were characterized. The results revealed that the CF-PI aerogel composites dried by supercritical ethanol achieved greatly reduced shrinkage as low as 5.0 vol.% and low thermal conductivity ranging from 31.2 mW·m−1·K−1 to 35.3 mW·m−1·K−1, showcasing their excellent performance in shape stability and thermal insulation. These composites also inherited the superior residue-forming ability of ceramic fibers and the robust mechanical attributes of PI, thereby exhibiting enhanced thermal stability and compression resistance. Besides, the effects of different drying conditions on the structure and properties of CF-PI aerogels were also discussed. The coupling use of supercritical ethanol drying with the addition of ceramic fibers is preferred. This preferred condition gives birth to low-shrinkage CF-PI aerogel composites, which also stand out for their integrated advantages include high thermal stability, low thermal conductivity, and high mechanical strength. These advantages attribute to CF-PI aerogel composites substantial potential for a wide range of applications, particularly as high-performance thermal insulation materials for extreme conditions.