Analysis of Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity Using Fractal Dimension and Succolarity

Abstract

Forests around the world, vital for ecological, economic, and social functions, are facing increasing threats such as deforestation and habitat fragmentation. This study introduces “succolarity” to analyse forest connectivity and fragmentation directionally in the Romanian Carpathians from 2000 to 2021. Besides traditional indices such as the fractal fragmentation index (FFI), the fractal fragmentation and disorder index (FFDI), the local connected fractal dimension (LCFD), and succolarity, two novel indices are proposed: potential succolarity and delta (Δ) succolarity, which provide nuanced insights into environmental changes and human interventions in forests worldwide. The succolarity tests showed invariance at the image scale and sensitivity to the obstacles in different image scenarios. The combined analysis of succolarity and fractal indices reveals dynamic patterns of connectivity, fragmentation, and spatial disturbance. The directional insights of succolarity highlight and enhance understanding of deforestation patterns. The FFI and FFDI show different levels of fragmentation across mountain groups, while the LCFD details local connectivity. The adaptability of the method makes it globally applicable, supporting biodiversity conservation and landscape management. In conclusion, the integration of succolarity and traditional fractal indices provides a robust methodology for the comprehensive analysis of forest fragmentation. This advancement not only supports the sustainable management of the Romanian Carpathians but also represents a versatile approach applicable to ecosystems worldwide, ensuring the long-term resilience of forested regions.