Survey Results of Honey Bee Colony Losses in Winter in China (2009–2021)

Author:

Tang Jiao1,Ji Congcong1,Shi Wei1,Su Songkun2,Xue Yunbo3,Xu Jinshan4ORCID,Chen Xiao1,Zhao Yazhou1ORCID,Chen Chao1

Affiliation:

1. State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

2. College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China

3. Jilin Province Institute of Apicultural Science, Jilin 132000, China

4. College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China

Abstract

There is growing concern that massive loss of honey bees can cause serious negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems. Surveys of colony losses have been performed worldwide to monitor the dynamic changes and health status of honey bee colonies. Here, we present the results of surveys regarding winter colony losses from 21 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021, with a total of 1,744,324 colonies managed by 13,704 beekeepers. The total colony losses were low (9.84%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.60–10.08%) but varied among years, provinces, and scales of apiaries. As little is known about the overwintering mortality of Apis cerana, in this study, we surveyed and compared the loss rates between Apis mellifera and A. cerana in China. We found colonies of A. mellifera suffered significantly lower losses than A. cerana in China. Larger apiaries resulted in higher losses in A. mellifera, whereas the opposite was observed in A. cerana. Furthermore, we used generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) to evaluate the effects of potential risk factors on winter colony losses and found that the operation size, species, migration, migration×species interaction, and queen problems were significantly related to the loss rates. New queens can increase their colony overwintering survival. Migratory beekeepers and large operations reported lower loss rates.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

China Agriculture Research System

Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Insect Science

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