The Hydroxylated Carbon Nanotubes as the Hole Oxidation System in Electrocatalysis

Abstract

The hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-OH), due to their propensity to trap electrons, are considered in many applications. Despite many case studies, the effect of the electronic structure of the CNT-OH electrode on its oxidation properties has not received in-depth analysis. In the present study, we used Fe(CN)63−/4− and Ru(NH3)63+/2+ as redox probes, which differ in charge. The CNT-OH and CNT electrodes used in the cyclic voltammetry were in the form of freestanding films. The concentration of holes in the CNTs-OH, estimated from the upshift of the Raman G-feature, was 2.9×1013 cm−2. The standard rate constant of the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) between Fe(CN)63−/4− and the CNTs-OH electrode was 25.9×10−4 cm·s−1. The value was more than four times higher than the HET rate on the CNT electrode (ks=6.3×10−4 cm·s−1), which proves excellent boosting of the redox reaction by the holes. The opposite effect was observed for the Ru(NH3)63+/2+ redox couple. While the redox reaction rate constant at the CNT electrode was 1.4×10−4 cm·s−1, there was a significant suppression of the redox reaction at the CNT-OH electrode (ks<0.1×10−4 cm·s−1). Based on the DFT calculations and the Gerischer model, we find that the boosting of the HET from the reduced form of the redox couple to CNT-OH occurs when the reduced forms of the redox couples are negatively charged and the occupied reduced states are aligned with acceptor states of the nanotube electrode.