Recovery of Graphite from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author:

Badenhorst Charlotte1ORCID,Kuzniarska-Biernacka Iwona2,Guedes Alexandra1ORCID,Mousa Elsayed34ORCID,Ramos Violeta15ORCID,Rollinson Gavin5ORCID,Ye Guozhu3,Valentim Bruno1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Instituto de Ciências da Terra—Pólo Porto, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

2. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

3. SWERIM AB, Aronstorpsvägen 1, SE-974 37 Luleå, Sweden

4. Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo 12422, Egypt

5. Camborne School of Mines, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK

Abstract

Critical raw materials, such as graphite and lithium metal oxides (LMOs), with a high supply risk and high economic importance are present in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The recovery and recycling of these critical raw materials from LIBs will contribute to the circular economy model, reduce the environmental footprint associated with the mining of these materials, and lower their high supply risk. The main aim of this paper is to present a separation process to recover graphite from black mass (BM) from spent LIB. Simultaneously, LMO and copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) foils were also recovered as by-products from the process. The process used a combination of simple and/or low environmental footprint technologies, such as sieving, sink-float, citric acid leaching, and milling through ultrasound and soft attrition, to allow separation of the LIB valuable components. Three graphite-rich products (with purities ranging between 74 and 88 wt.% total carbon and a combined yield of 14 wt.%) with three different sizes (<25 µm, <45 µm, and <75 µm), Cu and Al foil fragments, and an LMO-rich precipitate product are delivered. The developed process is simple, using low temperatures and weak acids, and using affordable and scalable equipment available in the market. Its advantage over other LIB recycling processes is that it can be implemented, so to speak, “in your backyard”.

Funder

VINNOVA, Sweden

FCT-Portugal

COMPETE 2020

ERA-MIN2 programme

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Waste Management and Disposal,General Materials Science

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