Downregulation of the Protein C Signaling System Is Associated with COVID-19 Hypercoagulability—A Single-Cell Transcriptomics Analysis

Author:

Silva Bruna Rafaela SantosORCID,Jara Carlos Poblete,Sidarta-Oliveira Davi,Velloso Licio A.,Velander William H.,Araújo Eliana P.

Abstract

Because of the interface between coagulation and the immune response, it is expected that COVID-19-associated coagulopathy occurs via activated protein C signaling. The objective was to explore putative changes in the expression of the protein C signaling network in the liver, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and nasal epithelium of patients with COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data from patients with COVID-19 and healthy subjects were obtained from the COVID-19 Cell Atlas database. A functional protein–protein interaction network was constructed for the protein C gene. Patients with COVID-19 showed downregulation of protein C and components of the downstream protein C signaling cascade. The percentage of hepatocytes expressing protein C was lower. Part of the liver cell clusters expressing protein C presented increased expression of ACE2. In PBMC, there was increased ACE2, inflammatory, and pro-coagulation transcripts. In the nasal epithelium, PROC, ACE2, and PROS1 were expressed by the ciliated cell cluster, revealing co-expression of ACE-2 with transcripts encoding proteins belonging to the coagulation and immune system interface. Finally, there was upregulation of coagulation factor 3 transcript in the liver and PBMC. Protein C could play a mechanistic role in the hypercoagulability syndrome affecting patients with severe COVID-19.

Funder

Sao Paulo Research Foundation

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES)—Financing

CEPID—FAPESP—OCRC—Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Brazil

Nebraska DHHS Stem Cell

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Virology,Infectious Diseases

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