Programmatically Localizing Diabetic Retinopathy Features in 45-Degree Retinal Photographs Using Anatomical Colocation

Abstract

Background: The aim in this study was to investigate the localization of diabetic retinopathy features at the posterior pole. Methods: This study extracted diabetic retinopathy feature locations from 757 macula-centered 45-degree fundus photographs in the publicly available DDR dataset. Arteriole and venule locations were also extracted from the RITE (n = 35) and IOSTAR (n = 29) datasets. Images were normalized to collocate optic disc and macula positions, and feature positions were collated to generate a frequency distribution matrix. Sørensen–Dice coefficients were calculated to compare the location of different features. Results: Arterioles occurred in two main, distinct arcuate patterns. Venules showed a more diffuse distribution. Microaneurysms were diffusely located around the posterior pole. Hemorrhages and exudates occurred more frequently at the temporal aspect of the macula. Cotton wool spots occurred in a region approximating the radial peripapillary capillaries. Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities and neovascularization were seen throughout the posterior pole, with neovascularization at the disc (n = 65) being more common than neovascularization elsewhere (n = 46). Venous beading occurred primarily between the first and third bifurcations of the venules. Diabetic retinopathy overall was more frequent in the temporal aspect of the macula. The location of cotton wool spots and exudates showed moderate similarity (0.52) when all data were considered, reducing to low similarity (0.18) when areas of low frequency were removed. Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy occurs throughout the posterior pole but is more frequent in the temporal aspect of the macula. Understanding the location of diabetic retinopathy features may help inform visual search strategies for diabetic retinopathy screening.