Factors Associated with Increased Intraocular Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Author:

Braha Adina12ORCID,Simion Amanda3,Timar Romulus12,Timar Bogdan12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Second Internal Medicine—Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, and Systemic Rheumatology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania

2. Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Clinic, “Pius Brînzeu” Emergency Clinical County University Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania

3. Vista Vision Ophthalmology Clinic, 300367 Timisoara, Romania

Abstract

Background: Over one-third of patients living with diabetes will develop ocular disease during their lifetime. The present study analyzes the association between metabolic and anthropometric markers, associated comorbidities, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The retrospective study included 87 adult patients with type 2 DM who underwent routine eye examinations and blood/urine tests. Results: 67.9% of the patients had an IOP > 14.5 mmHg and only 41.3% had an HbA1c < 7%. In a multivariate regression analysis, the mean IOP was associated with diabetes duration in subjects with a disease duration < 15 years and an HbA1c < 7% (adjusted R2 = 0.29, p = 0.008). Also, patients with shorter diabetes duration and optimal glucose control had a lower mean IOP than patients with a higher HbA1c (mean IOP 15.1 mmHG vs. 18.9 mmHg, p = 0.04). The patient’s age, anthropometric or metabolic markers, associated comorbidities like hypertension (HTN) or retinal angiosclerosis, and diabetes therapies were not associated with IOP in this study. Conclusion: Diabetes progression is directly associated with increased IOP. Avoiding clinical inertia and optimizing glycemic control could prevent or delay the increase of IOP. Routine eye examination should include measuring IOP, not only diabetic retinopathy screening.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference50 articles.

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2. Meda, E., and Pavkov, Y.M. (2023, November 30). Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Available online: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/diabetes-and-kidney-disease/.

3. The Fred Hollows Foundation and International Diabetes Federation (2015). Diabetes Eye Health: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, The Fred Hollows Foundation and International Diabetes Federation.

4. Primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, and diabetes mellitus in the general elderly population: The Rotterdam Study;Dielemans;Ophthalmology,1996

5. Corneal biomechanical changes in diabetes mellitus and their influence on intraocular pressure measurements;Bayer;Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,2009

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