Association of Urinary Phthalate and Phthalate Replacement Metabolite Concentrations with Serum Lipid Biomarker Levels among Pregnant Women Attending a Fertility Center

Abstract

We examined whether urinary concentrations of phthalate and phthalate replacement metabolites were associated with lipid biomarker levels among pregnant women. This cross-sectional study included 175 women who enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study (2005–2017). We used linear regression models to assess the relationship between urinary phthalates and lipid biomarkers [triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol] levels while adjusting for confounders. Pregnant women in the highest quartile of urinary mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) had, overall, 14% [31 (95% CI = 6.56) mg/dL], 21% [33 (95% CI = 9.57) mg/dL] and 25% [30 (95% CI = 8.53) mg/dL] higher serum total, non-HDL and LDL cholesterol, respectively, compared to women in the lowest quartile of MECPP. Similar positive associations were found for urinary concentrations of other metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate. Pregnant women with urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) in the highest quartile had higher triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol compared to women with MBP in the lowest quartile. Women with detectable concentrations of two phthalate replacement metabolites had lower HDL cholesterol compared to women with non-detectable concentrations. Gestational urinary concentrations of certain phthalate and phthalate replacement metabolites were associated with lipid levels among these women.