Fuzzy Logic to Measure the Degree of Compliance with a Target in an SDG—The Case of SDG 11

Abstract

Sustainable development and its significant challenges motivate various international organisations in a way that has never been seen before. With Europe at the forefront, countries such as the United States want to be included in the progress and what a clear and determined commitment to sustainability means for future generations. Our study aimed to go deeper into the follow-up and monitoring of the development of reliable indicators that make the continuous improvement process in sustainability robust. To this end, and using the fuzzy logic methodology, we applied it to one of the indices that have been developed to date, the “Sustainable Development Report” (in its 2022 edition), working on the specific application of SDG 11. Our results show favourable positions for countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Tonga, Tuvalu, Andorra, and the Netherlands and provide robustness when there is a lack of data quality and improvements in the implementation of the process when experts intervene.