Development and In Vitro Evaluation of 2-Methoxyestradiol Loaded Polymeric Micelles for Enhancing Anticancer Activities in Prostate Cancer

Abstract

The present study aimed to formulate and optimize 2ME-loaded PMs (2ME-PMs) for enhancing the anticancer activity of 2ME in prostate cancer (PC). The 2ME-PMs were formulated using PEG-PLGA (PL), Tween 80 (TW80), and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). The optimization was carried out using a Box-Behnken design with the PL, TW80, and ALA as the independent variables and particle size (PS) as the response. The formulation was optimized for the lowest possible PS, and the software suggested optimum formula with 100.282 mg, 2%, and 40 mg for PL, TW80, and ALA, respectively. The optimized PMs had spherical morphology with PS of 65.36 ± 2.2 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.273 ± 0.03, and entrapment efficiency of 65.23 ± 3.5%. The in vitro drug release was 76.3 ± 3.2% after 24 h. The cell line studies using PC-3 cells showed IC50 values of 18.75 and 54.41 µmol for 2ME-PM and 2ME, respectively. The estimation of tumor biomarkers was also carried out. The tumor biomarkers caspase-9 (17.38 ± 1.42 ng/mL), tumor protein P53 (p53) (1050.0 ± 40.9 pg/mL), nitric oxide (NO) (0.693 ± 0.03 pg/mL), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (25.84 ± 2.23 pg/mL), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) (0.719 ± 0.07 pg/mL), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (2.53 ± 0.16 folds), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (3.04 ± 0.5 folds) were determined for 2ME-PMs and the results showed that these values changed significantly compared to those of 2ME. Overall, the results showed that the formulation of 2ME to 2ME-PMs enhances the anticancer effect. The exploration of the combined advantages of PEG, PLGA, ALA, and PMs in cancer therapy and the delivery of 2ME is the major importance of this research work. PEG reduces the elimination of 2ME, PLGA enhances 2ME loading, ALA has an inherent apoptotic effect, and PMs can efficiently target tumor cells.