Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Sub-Saharan Populations

Abstract

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has become a significant global public health problem due to growing infection rates and antibiotic resistance development. In 2012, N. gonorrhoeae positive samples isolated from Southeast Asia were reported to be the first strains showing resistance to all first-line antibiotics. To date, N. gonorrhoeae’s antimicrobial resistance has since been identified against a wide range of antimicrobial drugs globally. Hence, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed N. gonorrhoeae’s drug resistance as high-priority, necessitating novel therapy development. The persistence of N. gonorrhoeae infections globally underlines the need to better understand the molecular basis of N. gonorrhoeae infection, growing antibiotic resistance, and treatment difficulties in underdeveloped countries. Historically, Africa has had minimal or rudimentary N. gonorrhoeae monitoring systems, and while antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae is known to exist, the degree of resistance is unknown. This review looks at the gender-related symptomatic gonorrhoeae disease and provides an overview of the essential bacterial factors for the different stages of pathogenesis, including transmission, immune evasion, and antibiotic resistance. Finally, we deliberate on how molecular epidemiological studies have informed our current understanding of sexual networks in the Sub-Saharan region.