Enhanced Absence Sampling Technique for Data-Driven Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study in Songyang County, China

Abstract

Accurate prediction of landslide susceptibility relies on effectively handling absence samples in data-driven models. This study investigates the influence of different absence sampling methods, including buffer control sampling (BCS), controlled target space exteriorization sampling (CTSES), information value (IV), and mini-batch k-medoids (MBKM), on landslide susceptibility mapping in Songyang County, China, using support vector machines and random forest algorithms. Various evaluation metrics are employed to compare the efficacy of these sampling methods for susceptibility zoning. The results demonstrate that CTSES, IV, and MBKM methods exhibit an expansion of the high susceptibility region (maximum susceptibility mean value reaching 0.87) and divergence in the susceptibility index when extreme absence samples are present, with MBKM showing a comparative advantage (lower susceptibility mean value) compared to the IV model. Building on the strengths of different sampling methods, a novel integrative sampling approach that incorporates multiple existing methods is proposed. The integrative sampling can mitigate negative effects caused by extreme absence samples (susceptibility mean value is approximately 0.5 in the same extreme samples and presence-absence ratio) and obtain significantly better prediction results (AUC = 0.92, KC = 0.73, POA = 2.46 in the best model). Additionally, the mean level of susceptibility is heavily influenced by the proportion of absent samples.