Coxsackievirus Group B Infections during Pregnancy: An Updated Literature Review

Abstract

Coxsackievirus group B (CVB), a member of the Picornaviridae family and enterovirus genus, poses risks during pregnancy due to its potential to cause severe fetal and neonatal infections. Transmission primarily occurs through fecal–oral routes, with infections peaking mostly in warmer months. Vertical transmission to the fetus can lead to conditions such as myocarditis, encephalitis, and systemic neonatal disease, presenting clinically as severe myocardial syndromes and neurological deficits. Diagnostic challenges include detecting asymptomatic maternal infections and conducting in utero assessments using advanced techniques like RT-PCR from amniotic fluid samples. Morbidity and mortality associated with congenital CVB infections are notable, linked to preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and potential long-term health impacts such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and structural cardiac anomalies. Current treatments are limited to supportive care, with emerging therapies showing promise but requiring further study for efficacy in utero. Preventive measures focus on infection control and hygiene to mitigate transmission risks, which are crucial especially during pregnancy. Future research should aim to fill knowledge gaps in epidemiology, improve diagnostic capabilities, and develop targeted interventions to enhance maternal and fetal outcomes.