Valorization of Pine Cones (Pinus nigras) for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Crystal Violet Removal: A Sustainable Approach Based on Bio-Coagulants and a Bio-Adsorbent
Author:
Baatache Ouiem1, Derbal Kerroum1, Benalia Abderrezzaq12ORCID, Aberkane Ines1, Guizah Qamar Ezamene1, Khalfaoui Amel3ORCID, Pizzi Antonio4ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Laboratory of Process Engineering for Sustainable Development and Health Products (GPDDPS), Department of Process Engineering, National Polytechnic School of Constantine, Constantine 25000, Algeria 2. Department of Physics and Chemistry, Higher Normal School of Constantine, Constantine 25000, Algeria 3. Laboratory LIPE, Faculty Process Engineering, University of Constantine 3, Constantine 25000, Algeria 4. Laboratoire d’Etude et Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Technologies et Industries du Bois (ENSTIB), University of Lorraine, 27 Rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
Abstract
Pine cones are a widely available and abundant natural resource in Algeria, and they are rich in active molecules. This study investigated the valorization of Pine cones as a natural and abundant bio-coagulant in raw form (powder) and extract form. The active components of the Pine cones were extracted using two solvents, distilled water (DW) and NaCl, to obtain coagulants (proteins, polyphenols, and carbohydrates) for the treatment and improvement of industrial water quality parameters (discharge from a processing plant and tomato production) and an adsorbent (residue extract, RE). The recovered bio-coagulant was used to remove turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and zeta potential. The formed adsorbent was used to remove crystal violet (CV). Coagulation-flocculation experiments were carried out in a jar test to evaluate the performance of the coagulant in powder and extract form. The use of pine cone powder (PCP), extract using NaCl (PC-NaCl), and extract using DW (PC-DW) resulted in turbidity reductions of 96%, 94%, and 98%, respectively. For the residue recovered after extraction, a CV removal percentage of 99.9% was achieved at the optimal conditions of pH 10, CV concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 20 mg/L, and contact time of 120 min, as determined using the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Furthermore, all the effects were significant in the process of the CV phase adsorption on the bio-adsorbent. The model designed for optimal design fit the experimental data well, with a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.965 and an Adj-R2 of 0.926. The p-value of this model was 0.000, which indicated that the model was very significant. This confirmed the effectiveness of the bio-adsorbent in removing dyes from water.
Subject
Water Science and Technology,Aquatic Science,Geography, Planning and Development,Biochemistry
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