Divulging the Complexities of Deep Partial- and Full-Thickness Burn Wounds Afflicted by Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms in a Rat Burn Model

Abstract

Every year, thousands of soldiers and civilians succumb to burn wound trauma with highly unfavorable outcomes. We previously established a modified Walker-Mason rat scald model exhibiting a P. aeruginosa infection. Here we characterize deep partial- (DPT) and full-thickness (FT) burn wounds inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350–450 g) inflicted with 10% total body surface area burn inoculated with S. aureus (103–5 CFU/wound) were monitored over an 11-day period. S. aureus rapidly dominated the wound bed, with bacterial loads reaching at least 1 × 109 CFU/g tissue in all wounds. Within 3 days, S. aureus biofilm formation occurred based on genetic transcripts and Giemsa staining of the tissue. S. aureus infection resulted in a slightly faster recruitment of neutrophils in FT wounds, which was related to necrotic neutrophils. The extent of the inflammatory response in S. aureus infected burn wounds correlated with elevated G-CSF, GM-CSF, GRO/KC and/or TNF-α levels, but a majority of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-13) were found to be suppressed, compared to burn-only controls. S. aureus infection resulted in dynamic changes in DAMPs, including elevated HMGB-1 and reduced levels of circulating hyaluronan within FT wounds. S. aureus also reduced complement C3 at all time points in DPT and FT wounds. These changes in DAMPs are believed to be correlated with burn severity and S. aureus specific bioburden. Collectively, this model showcases the evasiveness of S. aureus through dampening the immune response to flourish in the burn wound.