Genotype-Phenotype Correlation: A Triple DNA Mutational Event in a Boy Entering Sport Conveys an Additional Pathogenicity Risk

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present a clinical and laboratory study of a family, in which a 12-year-old boy was examined to assess his health status before starting competitive sports. A variety of clinical and instrumental tests were used to evaluate the status of the heart and its functions. Using Sanger sequencing (SS), we sequenced six related genes to verify suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) hypothesized at the cardiac assessment and, subsequently, by a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based multi-gene panel for more paramount genetic risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) assessment. SS revealed two variants in the PKP2 gene, one was inherited from the father and the other from the mother. The analysis on a large panel of genes (n = 138), putatively associated with sudden cardiac death, revealed, in the proband, a third variant in a different gene (DES) that encodes the protein desmin. Our results indicate that: i) NGS revealed a mutational event in a gene not conventionally screened as a first-line test in the presence of clinical suspicion of the arrhythmic disease; ii) a plurality of variants in different genes in the same subject (the proband) may increase the risk of heart disease; iii) in silico analysis with various methodological software and bioinformatic prediction tools indicates that the cumulative effects of the three variants in the same subject constitute an additional risk factor. This case report indicates that more pathogenic variants or likely pathogenic variants can contribute to the clinical phenotype of an individual, thereby contributing to the diagnosis and prognosis of inherited heart diseases.