A Flexible Session-Based Recommender System for e-Commerce

Abstract

Research into session-based recommendation systems (SBSR) has attracted a lot of attention, but each study focuses on a specific class of methods. This work examines and evaluates a large range of methods, from simpler statistical co-occurrence methods to embeddings and SotA deep learning methods. This paper analyzes theoretical and practical issues in developing and evaluating methods for SBSR in e-commerce applications, where user profiles and purchase data do not exist. The major tasks of SBRS are reviewed and studied, namely: prediction of next-item, next-basket and purchase intent. For physical retail shopping where no information about the current session exists, we treat the previous baskets purchased by the user as previous sessions drawn from a loyalty system. Mobile application scenarios such as push notifications and calling tune recommendations are also presented. Recommender models using graphs, embeddings and deep learning methods are studied and evaluated in all SBRS tasks using different datasets. Our work contributes a number of very interesting findings. Among all tested models, LSTMs consistently outperform other methods of SBRS in all tasks. They can be applied directly because they do not need significant fine-tuning. Additionally, they naturally model the dynamic browsing that happens in e-commerce web applications. On the other hand, another important finding of our work is that graph-based methods can be a good compromise between effectiveness and efficiency. Another important conclusion is that a “temporal locality principle” holds, implying that more recent behavior is better suited for prediction. In order to evaluate these systems further in realistic environments, several session-based recommender methods were integrated into an e-shop and an A/B testing method was applied. The results of this A/B testing are in line with the experimental results, which represents another important contribution of this paper. Finally, important parameters such as efficiency, application of business rules, re-ranking issues, and the utilization of hybrid methods are also considered and tested, providing comprehensive useful insights into SBRS and facilitating the transferability of this research work to other domains and recommendation scenarios.