Influence of Magnesium Content on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Electrochemically Deposited on a Nanostructured Titanium Surface

Abstract

The aim of this research was to obtain hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based coatings doped with different concentrations of Mg on a Ti nanostructured surface through electrochemical techniques and to evaluate the influence of Mg content on the properties of HAp. The undoped and doped HAp-based coatings were electrochemically deposited in galvanostatic pulsed mode on titania nanotubes with a diameter of ~72 nm, being designed to enhance the adhesion of the HAp coatings to the Ti substrate. The obtained materials were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The adhesion of the coatings to the substrate was also evaluated with the help of the “tape-test” and the micro-scratch test. The morphology (SEM) of all the coatings is made of very thin and narrow ribbon-like crystals, with some alterations with respect to the Mg amount in the coatings. Thus, a concentration of 1 mM of Mg in the electrolyte leads to wider and thicker ribbon-like crystals, while a concentration of 1.5 mM in the electrolyte generated a morphology that resembles the undoped HAp. Both phase composition (XRD) and chemical bonds (FTIR) analysis proved the formation of HAp in all coatings. Moreover, according to XRD, all coatings have a strong orientation toward the (002) plane. Irrespective of the Mg content, all coatings registered an average roughness between approx. 500 and 600 nm, while the coating thickness increased after addition of Mg, from a value of 9.6 μm, for the undoped HAp, to 11.3 μm and ~13.7 μm for H/Mg1 and H/Mg2, respectively. In terms of adhesion, it was shown that the coatings a H/Mg2 had a poorer adhesion when compared to H/Mg1 and the undoped HAp (H), which registered similar adhesion, indicating that a concentration of 1.5 mM of Mg in the electrolyte reduces the adhesion of the Hap-based coatings to the nanostructured surface. The obtained results indicated that Mg concentrations up to 1 mM in the electrolyte can enhance the properties of HAp-based coatings electrochemically deposited on a nanostructured surface, while even a slightly higher concentration of 1.5 mM can negatively impact the characteristics of HAp coatings.