1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
2. 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2D-BEST) Center, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
4. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA