Profiling of Antibiotic Residues in Soil and Vegetables Irrigated Using Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Water in the Delhi Stretch of the Yamuna River, India

Author:

Akhter Suriyah1,Bhat Mohd Aadil2ORCID,Hashem Abeer3,Abd_Allah Elsayed Fathi4ORCID,Ahmed Sirajuddin5,Siddiqi Weqar Ahmad1ORCID,Kulsoom Isma6ORCID,Un Nisa Fahim7

Affiliation:

1. Department of Applied Science and Humanities Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India

2. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China

3. Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

4. Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

5. Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India

6. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

7. Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Abstract

The movement of emerging pollutants, particularly antibiotics, from surface water to crops through the process of plant uptake poses a significant public concern related to the agricultural utilization of untreated water and biosolids. It is essential to consider the potential risk of inadvertent human exposure and the accumulation of drug residues in fresh food crops, particularly in the case of various green vegetables. Nowadays, environmental research is mainly focusing on the bioaccumulation and threat posed by pharmaceutical residues, especially antibiotics and personal care products in the soil–plant ecosystem. In the present study, the concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil samples collected from agricultural fields irrigated with Yamuna water were evaluated using suitable extraction and sophisticated instrumentation techniques. Out of the five sampling locations, the highest concentration of ofloxacin was reported at Site-V (0.265 µg/mg) during the premonsoon period and the lowest concentration (0.014 µg/mg) during the postmonsoon at Site-II, in terms of the average concentration; this could be due to the combined effect of anthropogenic activities, surface water runoff, and the combined load of drains in the vicinity. For the quantification of the selected antibiotics in a green leafy vegetable (Spinach oleracea), the concentration of ofloxacin was found to be the highest at Okhla barrage Site-V (5.586 µg/mg) during the premonsoon period, with the lowest concentration observed at Site-I, from 1.382 µg/mg to 1.698 µg/mg, during the postmonsoon period. The higher concentration of ofloxacin in crops is because of its susceptibility to being absorbed at the soil’s surface. Plant absorption of antibiotics is influenced primarily by the biological characteristics of the plant, encompassing factors like the lipid and carbohydrate composition of the plant roots. Additionally, the physiochemical properties of the drugs, including molecular size, Kow, and pKa, play a significant role in this process. The antibiotics showed greater variation in their concentration during the premonsoon than in the postmonsoon period, which may be because of precipitation, dilution, and the leaching effect of the soil. For all three of the drugs studied, the concentrations followed the order of ofloxacin > amoxicillin > erythromycin. Thus, the effective management of contaminated soils and vegetables must consider continuous monitoring and risk assessment of high-priority antibiotics to prevent negative effects on the natural environment and human health.

Funder

King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Water Science and Technology,Aquatic Science,Geography, Planning and Development,Biochemistry

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