Natural Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Beauvericin and Enniatins in Wheat Kernels from China

Author:

Xu Wenjing1,Liang Jiang1,Zhang Jing1,Song Yan1,Zhao Xi1,Liu Xiao1,Zhang Hongyuan1,Sui Haixia1ORCID,Ye Jin2ORCID,Wu Yu2,Ji Jian3ORCID,Ye Yongli3,Sun Xiulan3ORCID,Xu Jin1,Bai Li1,Han Xiaomin1,Zhang Lei1

Affiliation:

1. NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China

2. National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100834, China

3. School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China

Abstract

A total of 769 wheat kernels collected from six provinces in China were analyzed for beauvericin (BEA) and four enniatins (ENNs), namely, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1, using a solid phase extraction (SPE) technique with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results show that the predominant toxin was BEA, which had a maximum of 387.67 μg/kg and an average of 37.69 μg/kg. With regard to ENNs, the prevalence and average concentrations of ENB and ENB1 were higher than those of ENA and ENA1. The geographical distribution of BEA and ENNs varied. Hubei and Shandong exhibited the highest and lowest positive rates of BEA and ENNs (13.46% and 87.5%, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed among these six provinces. There was a co-occurrence of BEA and ENNs, and 42.26% of samples were simultaneously detected with two or more toxins. Moreover, a significant linear correlation in concentrations was observed between the four ENN analogs (r range: 0.75~0.96, p < 0.05). This survey reveals that the contamination and co-contamination of BEA and ENNs in Chinese wheat kernels were very common.

Funder

National Key R&D Program of China

Beijing Natural Science Foundation

China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment

Publisher

MDPI AG

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