Bioaccumulation of Microcystin-LR and Induced Physio-Biochemical Changes in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Vegetative Stage under Hydroponic Culture Conditions

Abstract

Irrigation with water containing a variety of microcystins (MCs) may pose a potential threat to the normal growth of agricultural plants. To investigate the phytotoxicity of MC-LR at environmental concentrations on rice (Oryza sativa L.), the characteristics of uptake and accumulation in plant tissues, as well as a series of key physio-biochemical process changes in leaves of rice seedlings, were measured at concentrations of 0.10, 1.0, 10.0, and 50.0 μg·L−1 in hydroponic nutrient solutions for 7, 15, 20, and 34 days. Results showed that MC-LR could be detected in rice leaves and roots in exposure groups; however, a significant accumulation trend of MC-LR in plants (BCF > 1) was only found in the 0.10 μg·L−1 group. The time-course study revealed a biphasic response of O2•− levels in rice leaves to the exposure of MC-LR, which could be attributed to the combined effects of the antioxidant system and detoxification reaction in rice. Exposure to 1.0–50.0 μg·L−1 MC-LR resulted in significant depletion of GSH and MDA contents in rice leaves at later exposure times (15–34 days). Low MC-LR concentrations promoted nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, whereas high concentrations inhibited NOS activity during the later exposure times. The reduced sucrose synthase (SS) activities in rice exposed to MC-LR for 34 days indicated a decrease in the carbon accumulation ability of plants, and therefore may be directly related to the inhibition of plant growth under MC exposure. These findings indicate that the normal physiological status would be disrupted in terrestrial plants, even under exposure to low concentrations of MC-LR.