Global Change Factors Influence Plant-Epichloë Associations
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Published:2023-04-06
Issue:4
Volume:9
Page:446
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ISSN:2309-608X
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Container-title:Journal of Fungi
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language:en
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Short-container-title:JoF
Author:
Bastías Daniel A.1ORCID, Ueno Andrea C.23, Gundel Pedro E.24ORCID
Affiliation:
1. AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand 2. Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile 3. Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3480094, Chile 4. Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in determining the influence of global change on plant–microorganism interactions. We review the results of experiments that evaluated the effects of the global change factors carbon dioxide, ozone, temperature, drought, flooding, and salinity on plant symbioses with beneficial Epichloë endophytes. The factors affected the performance of both plants and endophytes as well as the frequency of plants symbiotic with the fungus. Elevated carbon dioxide levels and low temperatures differentially influenced the growth of plants and endophytes, which could compromise the symbioses. Furthermore, we summarise the plant stage in which the effects of the factors were quantified (vegetative, reproductive, or progeny). The factors ozone and drought were studied at all plant stages, but flooding and carbon dioxide were studied in just a few of them. While only studied in response to ozone and drought, evidence showed that the effects of these factors on symbiotic plants persisted trans-generationally. We also identified the putative mechanisms that would explain the effects of the factors on plant–endophyte associations. These mechanisms included the increased contents of reactive oxygen species and defence-related phytohormones, reduced photosynthesis, and altered levels of plant primary metabolites. Finally, we describe the counteracting mechanisms by which endophytes would mitigate the detrimental effects of the factors on plants. In presence of the factors, endophytes increased the contents of antioxidants, reduced the levels of defence-related phytohormones, and enhanced the plant uptake of nutrients and photosynthesis levels. Knowledge gaps regarding the effects of global change on plant–endophyte associations were identified and discussed.
Funder
Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) from the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Universidad de Talca, Chile Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico Agencia Nacional de Investigaciones Argentina
Subject
Plant Science,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics,Microbiology (medical)
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