Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in HCM Phenocopies: From Diagnosis to Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Management

Author:

Licordari Roberto1ORCID,Trimarchi Giancarlo2,Teresi Lucio2,Restelli Davide2,Lofrumento Francesca2,Perna Alessia2,Campisi Mariapaola1,de Gregorio Cesare2ORCID,Grimaldi Patrizia2,Calabrò Danila2,Costa Francesco1ORCID,Versace Antonio Giovanni2,Micari Antonio1,Aquaro Giovanni Donato3ORCID,Di Bella Gianluca2

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy

2. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy

3. Academic Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart disease characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, which can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. However, not all patients with HCM have the same underlying genetic mutations, and some have conditions that resemble HCM but have different genetic or pathophysiological mechanisms, referred to as phenocopies. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for the non-invasive assessment of HCM and its phenocopies. CMR can accurately quantify the extent and distribution of hypertrophy, assess the presence and severity of myocardial fibrosis, and detect associated abnormalities. In the context of phenocopies, CMR can aid in the differentiation between HCM and other diseases that present with HCM-like features, such as cardiac amyloidosis (CA), Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD), and mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. CMR can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information that can guide clinical decision-making and management strategies. This review aims to describe the available evidence of the role of CMR in the assessment of hypertrophic phenotype and its diagnostic and prognostic implications.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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