Exercise and Nutrition in the Mental Health of the Older Adult Population: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Author:

Carcelén-Fraile María del Carmen1,Déniz-Ramírez Noelia del Pino2,Sabina-Campos Jessica3,Aibar-Almazán Agustín45ORCID,Rivas-Campo Yulieth6ORCID,González-Martín Ana María17,Castellote-Caballero Yolanda45ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

2. Vecindario Rehabilitation Center, 35110 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

3. Santa Cruz Rehabilitation Center, 38005 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

4. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain

5. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

6. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of San Buenaventura-Cali, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia

7. Department of Psychology, Higher Education Center for Teaching and Educational Research, Plaza de San Martín, 4, 28013 Madrid, Spain

Abstract

(1) Background: Global population aging is changing demographic structures and presents significant challenges for health systems, which must adapt to an increasingly elderly population. (2) Methods: The study employed a randomized controlled trial design with a total of 116 older adults aged 65 or older, randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 57) undergoing a combined resistance program and Mediterranean diet program and a control group (n = 59) who did not receive any intervention. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), sleep quality through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). (3) Results: Statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) were observed both within and between groups in anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.38 and 0.78, respectively), depression (Cohen’s d = 0.56 and 0.18, respectively), perceived stress (Cohen’s d = 0.15 and 0.39, respectively), and in the PSQI domains: subjective sleep quality (Cohen’s d = 1.01 and 0.53, respectively), sleep duration (Cohen’s d = 0.112 and 0.53, respectively), sleep disturbances (Cohen’s d = 1.92 and 0.95, respectively), use of medications (Cohen’s d = 0.34 and 0.40, respectively), and the PSQI total score (Cohen’s d = 0.68 and 0.49, respectively). No significant differences were observed in sleep latency or daytime dysfunction. (4) Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that resistance intervention may be an effective therapeutic option to improve mental health and sleep quality in older adults aged 65 or older, offering a non-pharmacological approach to improving overall well-being in this demographic.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference76 articles.

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2. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423), United Nations.

3. (2024, February 01). Demography of Europe—An Ageing Population. (s.f.). Demography of Europe. Available online: https://www.ine.es/prodyser/demografia_UE/bloc-1c.html?lang=es.

4. (2024, February 01). Envejecimiento y salud. (s.f.). World Health Organization (WHO). Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.

5. Management of frailty: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions;Dent;Lancet,2019

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