Molecular Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its New Genetic Classification Based on the Nucleocapsid Gene

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes continuous, significant damage to the swine industry worldwide. By RT-PCR-based methods, this study demonstrated the ongoing presence of PEDV in pigs of all ages in Korea at the average detection rate of 9.92%. By the application of Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, it was found that the nucleocapsid (N) gene of PEDV could evolve at similar rates to the spike (S) gene at the order of 10−4 substitutions/site/year. Based on branching patterns of PEDV strains, three main N gene-base genogroups (N1, N2, and N3) and two sub-genogroups (N3a, N3b) were proposed in this study. By analyzing the antigenic index, possible antigenic differences also emerged in both the spike and nucleocapsid proteins between the three genogroups. The antigenic indexes of genogroup N3 strains were significantly lower compared with those of genogroups N1 and N2 strains in the B-cell epitope of the nucleocapsid protein. Similarly, significantly lower antigenic indexes in some parts of the B-cell epitope sequences of the spike protein (COE, S1D, and 2C10) were also identified. PEDV mutants derived from genetic mutations of the S and N genes may cause severe damage to swine farms by evading established host immunities.