Optimization of Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on Clinoptilolite-Based Adsorbents Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

The adsorption of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water solution by natural zeolite–clinoptilolite (CLI), magnetic clinoptilolite (MAG-CLI), and graphene oxide coated magnetic clinoptilolite (GO-MAG-CLI) was investigated. The novel approach of an environmentally friendly and cost-effective microwave-assisted method was applied for the magnetic composite synthesis. Detailed characterization of the prepared composites was achieved. In order to investigate the effect of the initial CIP concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, and type of adsorbent on the adsorption efficiency of CIP, and to obtain the optimal conditions for CIP removal, the response surface methodology central composite factorial design (RSM-CCF) was applied. The results obtained by the RSM-CCF showed that among the studied adsorbents, GO-MAG-CLI had the highest adsorption capacity for CIP, achieved for the initial concentration of 48.47 mg dm−3 at a pH of 5 and 24.78 °C after 19.20 min of contact time. The adsorption kinetics studied for the initial CIP concentration range of 15–50 mg dm−3 followed Lagergren’s pseudo-second-order model, and the Langmuir isotherm was the most suitable one to describe the CIP adsorption onto GO-MAG-CLI.