Retinal Vascular Study Using OCTA in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer’s Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Author:

López-Cuenca InésORCID,Salobrar-García ElenaORCID,Sánchez-Puebla Lidia,Espejel Eva,García del Arco Lucía,Rojas PilarORCID,Elvira-Hurtado Lorena,Fernández-Albarral José A.ORCID,Ramírez-Toraño Federico,Barabash AnaORCID,Salazar Juan J.ORCID,Ramírez José M.ORCID,de Hoz RosaORCID,Ramírez Ana I.ORCID

Abstract

In 103 subjects with a high genetic risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), family history (FH) of AD and ApoE ɛ4 characterization (ApoE ɛ4) were analyzed for changes in the retinal vascular network by OCTA (optical coherence tomography angiography), and AngioTool and Erlangen-Angio-Tool (EA-Tool) as imaging analysis software. Retinal vascularization was analyzed by measuring hypercholesterolemia (HCL) and high blood pressure (HBP). Angio-Tool showed a statistically significant higher percentage of area occupied by vessels in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4- group vs. in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group, and EA-Tool showed statistically significant higher vascular densities in the C3 ring in the FH+ ApoE ɛ4+ group when compared with: i)FH- ApoE ɛ4- in sectors H3, H4, H10 and H11; and ii) FH+ ApoE ɛ4- in sectors H4 and H12. In participants with HCL and HBP, statistically significant changes were found, in particular using EA-Tool, both in the macular area, mainly in the deep plexus, and in the peripapillary area. In conclusion, OCTA in subjects with genetic risk factors for the development of AD showed an apparent increase in vascular density in some sectors of the retina, which was one of the first vascular changes detectable. These changes constitute a promising biomarker for monitoring the progression of pathological neuronal degeneration.

Funder

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

Complutense University of Madrid

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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