Oxygen Aspects in the High-Pressure and High-Temperature Sintering of Semiconductor Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanopowders Prepared by a Mechanochemically-Assisted Synthesis Method

Abstract

We explore the important aspects of adventitious oxygen presence in nanopowders, as well as in the high-pressure and high-temperature-sintered nanoceramics of semiconductor kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4. The initial nanopowders were prepared via the mechanochemical synthesis route from two precursor systems, i.e., (i) a mixture of the constituent elements (Cu, Zn, Sn, and S), (ii) a mixture of the respective metal sulfides (Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS), and sulfur (S). They were made in each system in the form of both the raw powder of non-semiconducting cubic zincblende-type prekesterite and, after thermal treatment at 500 °C, of semiconductor tetragonal kesterite. Upon characterization, the nanopowders were subjected to high-pressure (7.7 GPa) and high-temperature (500 °C) sintering that afforded mechanically stable black pellets. Both the nanopowders and pellets were extensively characterized, employing such determinations as powder XRD, UV-Vis/FT-IR/Raman spectroscopies, solid-state 65Cu/119Sn NMR, TGA/DTA/MS, directly analyzed oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) contents, BET specific surface area, helium density, and Vicker’s hardness (when applicable). The major findings are the unexpectedly high oxygen contents in the starting nanopowders, which are further revealed in the sintered pellets as crystalline SnO2. Additionally, the pressure–temperature–time conditions of the HP-HT sintering of the nanopowders are shown (in the relevant cases) to result in the conversion of the tetragonal kesterite into cubic zincblende polytype upon decompression.