Detecting Change at Archaeological Sites in North Africa Using Open-Source Satellite Imagery

Author:

Rayne Louise,Gatto MariaORCID,Abdulaati Lamin,Al-Haddad MuftahORCID,Sterry Martin,Sheldrick Nichole,Mattingly David

Abstract

Our paper presents a remote sensing workflow for identifying modern activities that threaten archaeological sites, developed as part of the work of the Endangered Archaeology of the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) project. We use open-source Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the free tool Google Earth Engine to run a per-pixel change detection to make the methods and data as accessible as possible for heritage professionals. We apply this and perform validation at two case studies, the Aswan and Kom-Ombo area in Egypt, and the Jufra oases in Libya, with an overall accuracy of the results ranging from 85–91%. Human activities, such as construction, agriculture, rubbish dumping and natural processes were successfully detected at archaeological sites by the algorithm, allowing these sites to be prioritised for recording. A few instances of change too small to be detected by Sentinel-2 were missed, and false positives were caused by registration errors, shadow and movements of sand. This paper shows that the expansion of agricultural and urban areas particularly threatens the survival of archaeological sites, but our extensive online database of archaeological sites and programme of training courses places us in a unique position to make our methods widely available.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Earth and Planetary Sciences

Reference32 articles.

1. From Above and on the Ground: Geospatial Methods for Recording Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa

2. Endangered archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA project;Bewley,2016

3. Developing a Heritage Database for the Middle East and North Africa

4. EAMENAhttps://database.eamena.org/

5. Archeshttps://www.archesproject.org/

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