Polymeric Networks Containing Amine Derivatives as Organocatalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction within Continuously Driven Microfluidic Reactors

Abstract

The Knoevenagel reaction is a classic reaction in organic chemistry for the formation of C-C bonds. In this study, various catalytic monomers for Knoevenagel reactions were synthesized and polymerized via photolithography to form polymeric gel dots with a composition of 90% catalyst, 9% gelling agent and 1% crosslinker. Furthermore, these gel dots were inserted into a microfluidic reactor (MFR) and the conversion of the reaction using gel dots as catalysts in the MFR for 8 h at room temperature was studied. The gel dots containing primary amines showed a better conversion of about 83–90% with aliphatic aldehyde and 86–100% with aromatic aldehyde, compared to the tertiary amines (52–59% with aliphatic aldehyde and 77–93% with aromatic aldehydes) which resembles the reactivity of the amines. Moreover, the addition of polar solvent (water) in the reaction mixture and the swelling properties of the gel dots by altering the polymer backbone showed a significant enhancement in the conversion of the reaction, due to the increased accessibility of the catalytic sites in the polymeric network. These results suggested the primary-amine-based catalysts facilitate better conversion compared to tertiary amines and the reaction solvent had a significant influence on organocatalysis to improve the efficiency of MFR.