Designing Sustainable Domestic Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Mixes: Application to Java and Bali, Indonesia
Author:
Diyono Diyono1ORCID, Cappon Hans2, Kujawa-Roeleveld Katarzyna2, Keesman Karel J.1ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Mathematical and Statistical Methods—Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 2. Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract
Many countries, including Indonesia, have abundant renewable energy sources (RES), but the share of RES in the current national energy supply is still insignificant. The study aimed to investigate and provide the most feasible combinations of RES that meet domestic electricity demand. For Java and Bali, Indonesia, initially, 35 scenarios, given 4 primary RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal) and municipal solid waste, were assessed based on economic and environmental indicators. This explorative data-driven study found that the existing capacity could only meet 51% of the electricity demand. However, the proposed energy mixes could cover 100% of the electricity demand in 2020 with a required capacity of 8.32–19.10 GW, varying on each scenario. The feasible energy mixes can reduce CO2 emissions by 90–94% compared to a fossil energy mix with gas-fired power plants. The installation, and operation and maintenance costs per life cycle can range from 29–50 and 4–16 billion dollars. The wind-based energy mix, with installed capacities of geothermal (1.16 GW), hydropower (2.87 GW), solar (0.003 GW) and municipal solid waste (0.18 GW) in 2020, showed the highest return on investment (139% ROI) and smallest CO2 emission with highest CO2 reduction (94%). This study provides a scientific method of selecting, projecting, and evaluating viable RES combinations for generating electricity without using fossil fuels.
Funder
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of Indonesia
Subject
Energy (miscellaneous),Energy Engineering and Power Technology,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Control and Optimization,Engineering (miscellaneous),Building and Construction
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