Porous Diatomaceous Earth/Nano-Zinc Oxide Composites: Preparation and Antimicrobial Applications

Abstract

This paper presents the preparation and characterization of a porous and antimicrobial composite material consisting of diatomaceous earth, an inorganic pore-forming agent, and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO). A modified direct precipitation device produced high-surface area ZnO powder. The effect of reaction temperature, volume flow rate, and titration rate on ZnO particle size was studied. Using sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, and sodium percarbonate as porosity to create porous structures through dissolution was also investigated. This study found that adding cement sand to diatomaceous earth improved mold strength while lowering the volume flow rate, and increasing the reaction temperature increased the specific surface area of ZnO. At 60 °C, the crystalline structure changed from an irregular spherical form to a regular nanorod structure. The specific surface area of the prepared ZnO nanorods reached over 15 m2/g, which is about five times higher. In an antibacterial experiment, adding 5% ZnO nanorods of 50 nm diameter to the porous diatomaceous earth composite material resulted in a nearly 100% antibacterial rate against E. coli in an aqueous environment. The results suggest that the porous diatomaceous earth/nano-ZnO composite has potential applications as an antimicrobial material, and the modified direct precipitation method could have broader implications in materials science.