Producing Efficient Adsorbents from Kraft Lignin for the Removal of Contaminants from Water—A Full Factorial Design

Author:

Brazil Tayra R.12ORCID,Sousa Érika M. L.2ORCID,dos Anjos Erick G. R.1ORCID,Moura Nayara K.1ORCID,Rocha Luciana S.2ORCID,Calisto Vânia2ORCID,Gonçalves Maraísa1ORCID,Rezende Mirabel C.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil

2. Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract

This work aimed at optimizing the preparation of activated carbon (AC) from Kraft lignin for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and amoxicillin (AMX) from water. A full factorial design of three factors (precursor:activating agent (H3PO4) ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and residence time) at two levels was used to optimize the AC production. Eight AC products were obtained and evaluated considering the following responses: product yield, specific surface area (SBET), energy consumption, and adsorptive removal of the contaminants under study. The produced AC presented satisfactory SBET, ranging between 750 and 1335 m2 g−1, and efficient adsorption of MB and AMX from water, achieving up to 99% removal under the studied experimental conditions (100 mg L−1 of MB and AMX solution and material dose of 1 g L−1). Statistical analysis showed that product yield and energy consumption for AC production were influenced by temperature and residence time. The determination of a desirability function indicated a precursor/H3PO4 ratio of 1:2, pyrolysis at 700 °C, and residence time of 60 min as the optimal production conditions. The optimized AC presented SBET 1335 m2 g−1 and maximum adsorption capacity of 210 and 280 mg g−1 for MB and AMX, respectively.

Funder

Brazilian Funding Institutions Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil

CNPq

Divisão de Química/Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço, Fibria Celulose S.A. Co.

FCT/MCTES

Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia

Publisher

MDPI AG

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