Detection of the Corn Kernel Breakage Rate Based on an Improved Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

Real-time knowledge of kernel breakage during corn harvesting plays a significant role in the adjustment of operational parameters of corn kernel harvesters. (1) Transfer learning by initializing the DenseNet121 network with pre-trained weights for training and validating a dataset of corn kernels was adopted. Additionally, the feature extraction capability of DenseNet121 was improved by incorporating the attention mechanism of a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) and a Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) structure. (2) The quality of intact and broken corn kernels and their pixels were found to be coupled, and a linear regression model was established using the least squares method. The results of the test showed that: (1) The MAPb50 and MAPm50 of the improved Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) model were 97.62% and 98.70%, in comparison to the original Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) model, which were improved by 0.34% and 0.37%, respectively; the backbone FLOPs and Params were 3.09 GMac and 9.31 M, and the feature extraction time was 206 ms; compared to the original backbone, these were reduced by 3.87 GMac and 17.32 M, respectively. The training of the obtained prediction weights for the detection of a picture of the corn kernel took 76 ms, so compared to the Mask RCNN model, it was reduced by 375 ms; based on the concept of transfer learning, the improved Mask RCNN model converged twice as quickly with the loss function using pre-training weights than the loss function without pre-training weights during training. (2) The coefficients of determination R2 of the two models, when the regression models of the pixels and the quality of intact and broken corn kernels were analyzed, were 0.958 and 0.992, respectively. These findings indicate a strong correlation between the pixel characteristics and the quality of corn kernels. The improved Mask RCNN model was used to segment mask pixels to calculate the corn kernel breakage rate. The verified error between the machine vision and the real breakage rate ranged from −0.72% to 0.65%, and the detection time of the corn kernel breakage rate was only 76 ms, which could meet the requirements for real-time detection. According to the test results, the improved Mask RCNN method had the advantages of a fast detection speed and high accuracy, and can be used as a data basis for adjusting the operation parameters of corn kernel harvesters.