In Vivo Regulation of Small Molecule Natural Products, Antioxidants, and Nutrients by OAT1 and OAT3

Abstract

The organic anion transporters OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) are drug transporters that are expressed in the kidney, with well-established roles in the in vivo transport of drugs and endogenous metabolites. A comparatively unexplored potential function of these drug transporters is their contribution to the in vivo regulation of natural products (NPs) and their effects on endogenous metabolism. This is important for the evaluation of potential NP interactions with other compounds at the transporter site. Here, we have analyzed the NPs present in several well-established databases from Asian (Chinese, Indian Ayurvedic) and other traditions. Loss of OAT1 and OAT3 in murine knockouts caused serum alterations of many NPs, including flavonoids, vitamins, and indoles. OAT1- and OAT3-dependent NPs were largely separable based on a multivariate analysis of chemical properties. Direct binding to the transporter was confirmed using in vitro transport assays and protein binding assays. Our in vivo and in vitro results, considered in the context of previous data, demonstrate that OAT1 and OAT3 play a pivotal role in the handling of non-synthetic small molecule natural products, NP-derived antioxidants, phytochemicals, and nutrients (e.g., pantothenic acid, thiamine). As described by remote sensing and signaling theory, drug transporters help regulate redox states by meditating the movement of endogenous antioxidants and nutrients between organs and organisms. Our results demonstrate how dietary antioxidants and other NPs might feed into these inter-organ and inter-organismal pathways.