Affiliation:
1. Fraser Watts, International Society for Science & Religion, Coventry CV3 9ED, UK
2. Faculty of Religion and Theology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract
The debate about whether, and in what sense, there is ‘spiritual intelligence’ remains unresolved. We suggest it will be helpful to make a distinction between strong and weak versions of the claim. The strong version proposes that there is a separate and distinct spiritual intelligence that meets the criteria set out by Howard Gardner in his ‘multiple intelligences’ framework. This involves evidence from neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, individual differences, experimental tasks, and psychometrics. We review the relevant evidence and conclude that there is no support for the strong proposal. The weak version of the claim assumes that the intelligence that is apparent in spiritual contexts is the same as is found elsewhere, but it is nevertheless deployed in a distinctive way. We suggest that the evidence supports the claim, and we review six key marks of spiritual intelligence: ineffability, embodiment, open-minded attention, pattern-seeking meaning-making, participation, and relationality. Our approach makes use of a cognitive architecture, Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS), which has been proved useful in modelling spiritual practices. It will be helpful in the future to bring this approach into dialogue with other scientific approaches to spiritual intelligence from psychometrics and from experimental research.
Funder
TEMPLETON WORLD CHARITY FOUNDATION
Reference56 articles.
1. Tagiuri, Renato, and Petrullo, Luigi (1958). Person Perception and Interpersonal Behavior, Stanford University Press.
2. Barfield, Owen (1953). History in English Words, Faber.
3. Barfield, Owen (1973). Poetic Diction: A Study in Meaning, Wesleyan University Press. [3rd ed.].
4. Dorobantu, Marius, and Watts, Fraser Varieties of human intelligence: Spiritual intelligence in persons with cognitive disabilities, Perspectives on Spiritual Intelligence, Forthcoming.
5. Intelligence without representation;Brooks;Artificial Intelligence,1991
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献