Reduction of Nitrogen through Anaerobic Processes in Chinese Rice Paddy Soils

Author:

Aioub Ahmed A. A.12ORCID,Jin Shuquan3,Xu Jiezhang4,Zhang Qichun1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311300, China

2. Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt

3. Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315040, China

4. Yongkang Farmland Quality Service Center, Yongkang 321300, China

Abstract

Comprehending the anaerobic nitrogen transformations, including denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked with iron reduction (Feammox) in soil, is essential for improving soil fertility and minimizing the environmental impacts of nitrogen loss. Despite this, research on anaerobic nitrogen transformations, particularly Feammox in paddy soil, is sparse. This study examined soil denitrification, anammox, and Feammox, along with their respective contributions to nitrogen loss in paddy soil at various depths, under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. It utilized 15N isotope labeling to investigate the limiting factors of these anaerobic nitrogen transformations and their interactions. The findings showed that denitrification rates ranged from 0.41 to 2.12 mg N kg−1 d−1, while anammox rates ranged from 0.062 to 0.394 mg N kg−1 d−1, contributing 84.3% to 88.1% and 11.8% to 15.7% of total soil nitrogen loss, respectively. Denitrification was identified as the predominant pathway for nitrogen loss across different soil depths. Fertilization and irrigation had more pronounced impacts on anaerobic nitrogen transformations than did soil depth, potentially affecting these processes through both abiotic and biotic pathways. This study identified significant correlations among the three types of anaerobic nitrogen transformations. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for optimizing nitrogen management strategies to mitigate losses in agricultural systems.

Funder

National Key Research and Development Program of China

Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province

Publisher

MDPI AG

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