LOX-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Molecular and Clinical Review

Author:

Sánchez-León Maria Eugenia1ORCID,Loaeza-Reyes Karen Julissa12ORCID,Matias-Cervantes Carlos Alberto1ORCID,Mayoral-Andrade Gabriel1,Pérez-Campos Eduardo L.3,Pérez-Campos-Mayoral Laura1ORCID,Hernández-Huerta María Teresa4ORCID,Zenteno Edgar5ORCID,Pérez-Cervera Yobana12,Pina-Canseco Socorro1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico

2. Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico

3. Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68030, Mexico

4. Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico

5. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico

Abstract

LOX-1, ORL-1, or lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds and internalizes ox-LDL in foam cells. LOX-1 is the main receptor for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). The LDL comes from food intake and circulates through the bloodstream. LOX-1 belongs to scavenger receptors (SR), which are associated with various cardiovascular diseases. The most important and severe of these is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the intimal layer of the endothelium. These plaques can evolve into complicated thrombi with the participation of fibroblasts, activated platelets, apoptotic muscle cells, and macrophages transformed into foam cells. This process causes changes in vascular endothelial homeostasis, leading to partial or total obstruction in the lumen of blood vessels. This obstruction can result in oxygen deprivation to the heart. Recently, LOX-1 has been involved in other pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. However, the development of atherosclerosis has been the most relevant due to its relationship with cerebrovascular accidents and heart attacks. In this review, we will summarize findings related to the physiologic and pathophysiological processes of LOX-1 to support the detection, diagnosis, and prevention of those diseases.

Funder

Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías

Publisher

MDPI AG

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