Factors Influencing Spatiotemporal Changes in the Urban Blue-Green Space Cooling Effect in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data

Author:

Gong Haiying1,Cao Yongqiang1,Yao Jiaqi1ORCID,Xu Nan2ORCID,Chang Huanyu1,Wu Shuqi3,Hu Liuru4ORCID,Liu Zihua1,Liu Tong1,Zhang Zihao2

Affiliation:

1. Academy of Ecological Civilization Development for JING-JIN-JI Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China

2. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, College of Geography and Remote Sensing, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

3. College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

4. College of Geomatics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China

Abstract

Owing to rapid urbanization, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China faces considerable urban heat island (UHI) effects, which can be mitigated by blue-green space construction. In this study, we used multi-source remote sensing products and the InVEST model’s urban cooling module to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in blue-green space cooling effects from 1990 to 2020. The wavelet coherence theory was used to explore these changes, as well as the environmental factors that affect cooling. The key findings indicate that the cooling effect is closely related to urbanization, as similar trends and significant temporal differences in cooling indices were observed in central urban areas, the urban fringe, and the city center. In addition, climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation substantially influenced cooling, with an average wavelet coherence of 0.88. Seasonal variations in cooling were notable, with temperature exhibiting the best coherence across all time–frequency scales (averaging 0.55). The findings highlight the critical role of blue-green spaces for mitigating UHI effects, which provides scientific insights for urban planning and environmental management.

Funder

the National Natural Science Foundation of China

Belt and Road Initiative Water and Sustainable Development Science and Technology Key Fund

Special Funds for Creative Research

Publisher

MDPI AG

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