Landsat-8 Observations of Foam Coverage under Fetch-Limited Wave Development

Abstract

In this paper, we aimed to clarify the problem of foam coverage dependence on wave fetch, which is of interest in satellite microwave radiometry, but for which controversial results were reported previously. The classical approach to investigating developing waves was applied. That is, the waves are considered as coming from the coast under approximately constant wind velocity. The study includes two scenes of intensive katabatic winds in the Gulf of Lion and the Gulf of Tehuantepec. We used two Bands of Landsat OLI images to extract the wave spectral peak frequency and the sea fraction covered by foam simultaneously along the wave fetch. The distributions of the spectral peak frequency along the fetch obeying the classical wave growth law clearly showed that we observed the developing waves. Along the fetch, the sea surface covered with foam grows about three times with the power law. This development of foam coverage occurred at the range of dimensionless fetches from 50 up to 7000 if the fetch is scaled using wind velocity and gravity acceleration. A simple model of the foam coverage growth with wave fetch is suggested. We modeled wave energy dissipation rate using the JONSWAP wave spectrum for developing seas. The model explains the observations at the quantitative level. Reported results can be applied to investigations of tropical cyclones using satellite microwave radiometry.