Investigating Nonpoint Source and Pollutant Reduction Effects under Future Climate Scenarios: A SWAT-Based Study in a Highland Agricultural Watershed in Korea

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution reduction and pollutant dynamics in a highland agricultural watershed in Korea. We employed the SWAT model to simulate hydrological processes and pollution transport within the watershed. The model incorporates future climatic scenarios derived from downscaled climate projections to assess their impacts on NPS pollution and pollutant reduction methods. These changes lead to heightened surface runoff and erosion rates, resulting in elevated sediment and nutrient concentrations. The projection indicates an anticipated increase in the annual average temperature by 1.3 to 2.1 °C by the mid-century, under scenarios SSP126 and SSP585. Additionally, precipitation levels are projected to increase by 31 to 61 mm from the baseline to the end of the century. Variations in hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, streamflow, and soil moisture are expected to range from +3.2 to +17.2%, −9.1 to +8.1%, and 0.1 to 0.7%, respectively, during the years 2040 and 2080. Fluctuations in TN, SS, and TP loading are estimated to range from −4.5 to +2.3%, −5.8 to +29.0%, and +3.7 to +17.4%, respectively. This study emphasizes the importance of adaptive management options for stakeholders and the need for adaptive management options to reduce nonpoint source pollution and protect water quality to maintain sustainable water supplies and conserve the environment in this watershed.