New Zwitterionic Imidazolones with Enhanced Water Solubility and Bioavailability: Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Molecular Docking

Abstract

Finding an effective anticancer drug to combat cancer cell resistance remains a challenge. Herein, we synthesized a new series of imidazolone derivatives 4a–4i and assessed their anticancer activities against liver cancer cells (Hep3B), Hela cells, and normal LX2 cells. The imidazolne derivatives were synthesized by the condensation cyclization reaction using the natural product vanillin as a starting material. Among the synthesized imidazolones are those with an alkyl sulfate moiety that are water-soluble and showed enhanced anticancer activity against the tested cancer cells. The anticancer testing results showed that compound 4d with the NO2 group at position 4 of the benzene ring was superior to the other compounds; it showed an IC50 value of 134.2 ± 4.4 µM against Hep3B cells, while compound 4h with the pyridyl moiety showed the highest cytotoxicity against Hela cells with an IC50 of 85.1 ± 2.1 µM. The anticancer activity of some imidazolones was greatly enhanced by adding to them the zwitterionic properties that made them more polar and water-soluble. DNA binding studies with compounds 4a1, 4d, and 4g indicated a docking score ranging from approximately −6.8 to −8.7 kcal/mol. This could be attributed to the outstanding interaction between the molecule and the DNA binding sites, which primarily relies on its inherent capability to establish hydrogen bonds, facilitated by the electron pair present at the oxygen atoms and the drug’s amino group. In conclusion, water-soluble imidazolone with zwitterionic functionality could be a promising tool for the development of anticancer medication. To outline the general idea and the relationships for the effect of the developed compounds under study, as well as their mechanism of action, further extensive research is also necessary.