Assessment of Desertification Dynamics in Arid Coastal Areas by Integrating Remote Sensing Data and Statistical Techniques

Abstract

Arid coastal regions are threatened by land desertification, which poses a serious threat to desert ecosystems, urban areas, and sustainability on a local as well as global scale. The present study aims to map desertification and the degree of its severity over the Jazan province on the western coast of Saudi Arabia. This investigation was conducted through the integration of remote sensing data (2001 and 2020) and statistical techniques. A scatter diagram, Karl Pearson correlation coefficient, and significance p-value test were performed on various spectral indices and tasseled cap transformation (TCT) derivative matrices to determine the strong significant relation of the spectral indices combination. Based on these analyses, the desertification degree index (DDI) was developed using a NDVI–TCG combination. The desertification grades were mapped and categorized into five classes, namely, non-desertification, low, moderate, severe, and extreme desertification. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of desertification grades declined from west to east during the period from 2001 to 2020. The degree of desertification improved during the study period since there was a significant reduction in extremely serious desertification land by 15.5% and an increase in weak desertification land by 7.8%. The dynamic changes in the DDI classes in the Jazan province mainly involve transformation from extremely serious to serious, serious to moderate, and moderate to weak, with areas of 2268.1 km2, 1518.5 km2, and 1062.5 km2, respectively. Generally, over the 19-year period, the restoration of vegetated areas accounted for 41.99% of the total study area, while desertification degradation land represented 15.57% of the total area of the Jazan province.