Optimized Analysis of Ergot Alkaloids in Rye Products by Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Applying Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard

Abstract

Analysis of ergot alkaloids remains a topic of importance and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has encouraged laboratories to provide monitoring data for the further evaluation of their occurrence in food and feed. While LC-MS/MS has dominated developments in recent years, LC-FLD is still more widespread, especially in developing countries. To improve the analysis of ergot alkaloids by LC-FLD, we developed an improved protocol introducing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for internal standardization. Several aspects such as the composition and pH of the extraction medium, type of sorbent and conditions applied for solid-phase extraction/clean-up, use of a keeper during final evaporation and the type of syringe filter used for filtration prior to injection were thoroughly investigated. Optimized conditions comprise extraction by ethyl acetate, methanol and 28% aqueous ammonia in combination with basic aluminum oxide for extract clean-up. Use of a keeper was found inappropriate as LC-FLD analysis was significantly affected by co-eluting keeper components. Similar observations were made with some of the investigated syringe filters, where polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) proved to be the most suitable. Validation and application of the optimized methodology to real samples provided limits of detection and quantification suitable for the evaluation of relevant ergot alkaloid contaminations in rye and bakery products with superior precision that was facilitated by the introduced internal standard, LSD.