Longitudinal Changes in the Body Composition of Non-Institutionalized Spanish Older Adults after 8 Years of Follow-Up: The Effects of Sex, Age, and Organized Physical Activity

Author:

Moradell Ana12ORCID,Gomez-Cabello Alba1345ORCID,Mañas Asier678910ORCID,Gesteiro Eva11,Pérez-Gómez Jorge12ORCID,González-Gross Marcela11ORCID,Casajús Jose Antonio14513ORCID,Ara Ignacio678ORCID,Vicente-Rodríguez Germán14514ORCID

Affiliation:

1. EXER-GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

2. Department of Animal Production and Food Technology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science FCSD, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

3. Defense University Center, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain

4. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28040 Madrid, Spain

5. Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

6. GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13003 Toledo, Spain

7. CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain

8. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), 45071 Toleldo, Spain

9. Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behavior, 28040 Madrid, Spain

10. Faculty of Education, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

11. ImFINE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

12. HEME Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain

13. Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

14. Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

Abstract

Aging leads to physiological changes affecting body composition, mediated by lifestyle. However, the effectiveness of organized physical activities (OPAs) in attenuating or delaying these age-related transformations remains an area of limited understanding. The primary objectives of this study were threefold: (I) to comprehensively assess the evolution of body composition in a cohort of Spanish older adults over an 8-year period; (II) to compare this evolution in the different age groups; and (III) to investigate the influence of active engagement in OPAs on these age-related changes. From a sample of 3136 Spanish older adults recruited in 2008, 651 agreed to participate in the 8-year follow-up. Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance data were included for 507 females (70.3 ± 4.4 years) and 144 males (77.8 ± 4.5 years). Age groups were categorized as follows: youngest (65–69 years), mid (70–74 years), and oldest (≥75 years). The engagement in OPA was recorded before and after the follow-up. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the 8-year changes. Males increased in hip (98.1 ± 9.3 vs. 101.5 ± 10.2 cm) and waist circumferences (101.2 ± 6.6 vs. 103.2 ± 6.1 cm), specifically in the youngest group (p < 0.05). Females decreased in weight (67.6 ± 10.0 vs. 66.6 ± 10.5 kg) and fat mass percentage (39.3 ± 5 vs. 38.8 ± 5.4%) and increased in hip circumference (104.4 ± 9.0 vs. 106.5 ± 9.7 cm); these effects were the most remarkable in the oldest group (all p < 0.05). OPA engagement seemed to slow down fat-free mass loses in males, but not in females (grouped by time, p < 0.05). Body composition changes caused by aging seem to happen earlier in males than in females. Moreover, participating in OPAs does not prevent fat-free mass due to aging.

Funder

Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales-IMSERSO

University of Zaragoza

Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad-IMSERSO

Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza

Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia

European Union

Consejo Superior de Deportes, Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Plan de Recuperación Transformación y Resliencia, and Next-Generation European Funds and Biomedical Research Networking on Obesity

Publisher

MDPI AG

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