The Effect of Cadmium on Sleep Parameters Assessed in Polysomnographic Studies: A Case–Control Study

Abstract

Cadmium is a heavy metal that accumulates in the body due to environmental and occupational exposure. The main form of environmental exposure to cadmium is related to cigarette smoking. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cadmium on numerous sleep parameters with the use of polysomnography. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate if environmental exposure to cadmium is a risk factor for the intensity of sleep bruxism (SB). Methods: A total of 44 adults underwent a full night of polysomnographic examination. The polysomnograms were assessed according to guidelines set out by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). The concentration of cadmium in the blood and urine was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The polysomnographic examination confirmed that cadmium, age, male gender and smoking status are independent risk factors for an increase in the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). Cadmium alters sleep architecture by favoring sleep fragmentation and decreasing the duration of the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep. However, cadmium exposure is not a risk factor for the development of sleep bruxism. Conclusions: In summary, this study demonstrates that cadmium affects sleep architecture and is a risk factor for the development of obstructive sleep apnea; however, it does not affect sleep bruxism.